Willionaires

Willow gets me excited.

As a lazy man, planting and tending trees was a serious effort and the speed at which willow grows is amazing, which is why it’s planted for biomass in many parts of the World. To grow willow could hardly be simpler. For most species, you buy (or acquire) a stick, called a rod, about the size of a pencil. As the name suggests, you stick this in the ground and voila! A willow tree ensues. It’s so potent and ready to root that an infusion made from bits of willow wood soaked in water will stimulate many other plants to root, saving money on expensive hormone powders. It’s good for feeding livestock as well as having multitudinous other uses, such as weaving and forming living structures.

To give you an idea how rapidly it can grow, in my old house, there was a willow tree (I think it’s osier viminalis – common osier – but possibly hybridised with something as I’m sure the leaves were variegated) planted in the flowerbed next door. It provided too much shade for the occupants and I was asked if I could trim it in exchange for keeping the trimmings. Not the best deal in the World, you might say, and you would be right but I kept on top of it for a couple of years. One year, I was getting tired of individually sawing through the shoots that were too thick to cut with secateurs and knowing that it wasn’t a well loved shrub, I too my chainsaw and cut the thing down to a stump, about as flush to the ground as was possible. The sad stump sat there for the Winter. We has assumed that it was dead and weren’t particularly bothered. However, in the Spring, small green shoots started to appear and by the end of that year, they were up to 3m long and 30mm in diameter. IN. ONE. YEAR. I’ve taken many of these trimmings and planted them at our current property where they are doing very well, although as not coming from a well established stump, I don’t expect they’ll produce the same growth this year.

Osier viminalis

Some economics:

To buy a stick of willow on eBay, for example, costs around 50p. You can find it cheaper but you can pay a lot more.

Now. To encourage willow to produce straight shoots, it is desirable to plant them close together at, say, 50cm (0.5m) spacings. An acre is 4,047m² which, if square, is roughly 63.5m along each side. Planting a stick at every half metre would give 128 plants along each side, a total of 16,384. If each of these plants put out 10 shoots (whips) of 2 metres each, and each shoot was cut into 25cm length that would mean 80 rods per plant. In one acre, that’s 1,310,720 rods, which at 50p each, is £655,360. Per acre. Per year. The willow I cut down produced many more shoots that this – I reckon I planted about 400 rods and had many longer whips left over which I stuck in the ground for want of something else to do with them. Now, I hear what you say, selling that amount in would not only be difficult but would also attract some sort of bulk discount. Let’s say you sold the lot at 10p each. That’s still £130,000. Obviously, you’d need some sort of harvesting and cutting equipment in addition to the handling/postage costs but you can see why I asked my father-in-law, after pointing out we owned 10 acres “What colour helicopter would you like?”*

* the difficulty being that we’d have nowhere to land them as all the land would be covered in willow

Regarding biomass, we are accustomed to burning logs in this country, either on an open fire or in a woodburning stove. With a quick growing species such as willow, you might get a reasonable sized log in about 4 years, which then should be dried for a year or so before burning. Why, then, should one not be able to produce meaningful heat from the smaller shoots that we could harvest every year? The solution lies in a device known as a rocket stove, but I have only found one commercially produced version – the Stick Stove, from Black Mountain Wood Fuels (see links). However, I don’t consider this to be a very attractive stove and it’s quite a lot of money, but you must admire the technology. I am working on a similar stove, designed to work inside an old oil-fired Rayburn that we were given. Hopefully I can be burning my own willow soon and heating my workshop (unless I can convince my wife to let me put it in the house).

Trailcam pays for itself

I've connected my trailcam up to a bigger battery so can leave it out for a long time

Had it out for about 10 days close to where something had been nibbling my willow and was rewarded with this fine chap. I thought deer would be most active at night but all the images/videos I've captured of him have been early in the morning:

Cheeky deer (roe deer)

Also caught lots of other critters who are also in danger of being eaten:

Crepescular rabbit

A marked man

Sometimes they don't come alone!

Future pair of slippers

 I notice that one has a torn ear - should make it easy to identify in future videos

New springs & micro swales

Found another very boggy patch today, right above one of the ditches. Closer investigation found a small spring right on the bank (I'm sure there are others) so I dug it out a bit to see if it would create some useful flow. Was pleased to note the presence of proper clay - it's the reason for the spring being there, of course but I'd not come across it before - the other spring is on green sand, which looks like white clay but doesn't form slip in the same way. I think it's still pretty impervious to water and if some leaks through the pond dam then the trees and plants downhill will benefit from it.

Just to the left of the outlet, you can see a ramson that I planted. It's one of many dotted around so we'll see if it thrives in such boggy ground.

New spring, dam and ramson

I then had the idea of using the spoil from this digging to form a small dam across the ditch in order to create a tiny pond. It struck me that although the ditch isn't dug on contour, it doesn't have much of a gradient and thus with a series of small dams, one could form micro-swales all the way down. This tiny pond soon filled up and considering my boots don't seem to be watertight, it wasn't especially comfortable working there. Added to the fact was the incessant rain and my waterproof trousers which keep coming down.

In order to access the ditch I had to clear a lot of brambles. I call this "therapy" as using a machete certainly takes some effort. Some of the old stems were 20mm thick - there's probably a use for them (blowpipe? flute?). 

Fortunately, I started this task on an overcast, but dry, day and my heavy cotton smock (Titan) and leather gloves kept me scratch free. I piled the brash up as best I could to form a natural barrier and wildlife refuge. The field beyond is also ours so it doesn't have to be very secure but anything to stop the dogs from destroying the local fauna is a good thing in my book! You can see the dam and tiny pond in this picture with the brash pile on the far side. Plenty more brambles around for blackberry picking in the autumn and I imagine they'll soon shoot up through the brash pile anyway. I do need to get in there with a saw & open the ditch up a bit as lots of small trees have begun to invade. I can use the cut brush to reinforce my barrier and may get a bit of firewood from it too (it's mainly willow). Might be best to wait until Winter in case any birds are nesting there, I suppose.

Micro swale, brash barrier and mint

Now the bank was clear, I took the opportunity to plant some mint that we'd bought the other day from a garden centre. Planted black peppermint, ginger mint and apple mint. They'd doubled in size in the pots in under a week and this site should give them a decent home. It's quite shady but will get some direct sunlight and plenty of water. You may just be able to pick them out in the picture on the left hand side (the new spring is at the bottom of the image which is taken from the top of the bank)

Paddy field part one

As can be seen in my posts about the pond (to come, sorry!), I'm planning on digging an overflow down to the ditch. This line is currently marked by some white tape that the previous owner had left lying around (it's electric horse tape). I recently had the idea from watching some permaculture video on YouTube to use this surplus water more effectively. A bit of research indicated that a Japanese rice variety, oryza sativa, can grow in the UK and establishing it in a paddy field would help to keep weeds to a minimum as few other species thrive in water (aquatic plants aside).

With that in mind, I hacked out a 5m circle with the machete to mark where to start digging. I'm hoping to get a mechanical digger in here but it's so wet that might not be possible. Going to be a big task to dig out by hand but I've done it before so I'm sure I can do it again!

The flow from the spring upstream of this should stop the water from getting too stagnant and the overflow from this will still flow into the ditch where I can pipe it into the lake as planned.

List of tree species at The Old Farm

Species	Latin Name	Approx number	Notes
Ash	Fraxinus excelsior	6	Only young saplings
Alder	Alnus glutinosa	375	Introduced 2014
Apple	Malus domestica	4
Aspen	Populus tremens	50	Introduced 2014
Balsam poplar (we think)	Populus balsamifera	2
Bay	Laurus nobilis	3
Beech	Fagus sylvatica	126	most introduced 2014
Birch	Betula pendula	50
Blackthorn	Prunus spinosa	50	Introduced 2014
Cobnut	Corylus avellana	1	Introduced 2014 (if you count it as a different species to hazel)
Common osier	Osier viminalis	100	Introduced 2014
Copper beech (2014)	Fagus sylvatica	1	Introduced 2014
Crab apple	Malus sylvestris	51
Damson (2014)	Prunus institia	1	Introduced 2014
Elder	Sambucus nigra	15
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus gunnii	1
Field maple	Acer campestre	100	Introduced 2014
Willow, goat	Salix caprea	3
Gorse	Ulex europaeus	50
Willow, grey	Salix cinerea	30
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna	300	200 introduced 2014
Hazel	Corylus avellana	201	200 introduced 2014
Holly	Ilex aquifolium	30
Hornbeam	Carpinus betulus	76	Introduced 2014
Leylandii	Cupressus × leylandii	10
Medlar	Mespilus germanica	1
Oak (Pedunculate)	Quercus robur	150	Possibly some sessile
Pear	Pyrus communis	3	Not sure of exact species
Plum	Prunus domestica	2
Privet	Ligustrum vulgare	1
Rhododendron	Rhododendron ponticum	3	Behaving at the moment
Rowan	Sorbus aucuparia	5
Scots pine	Pinus sylvestris	26
Spindle	Euonymus europaeus	50	Introduced 2014
Sweet chestnut	Castanea sativa	1	more planned for 2015
Sycamore	Acer pseudoplatanus	2
Wild cherry	Prunus avium	125	Introduced 2014
Yew	Taxus baccata	3	One of which is c. 400 years old

That's 38 different species (if you count hazel as two), well over 2,000 trees (if you count them all as trees - they're all taller than I am). There are some further ornamental trees that I've yet to identify and I seem to discover new trees every day tucked inside the hedgerows. Can't wait for most of them to grow bigger!

Ramsons & bees

Whilst at Michelham Priory yesterday (4th May, 2014), I noticed a huge amount of wild garlic, allium ursinum, known as ramsons, flowering around the watermill. Every part of these is edible, but it's the leaves that are easiest to use. Was given permission to dig some up so came home with a good few large clumps. These are easy to separate into individual bulbs and I took the opportunity to plant them in various locations around the property to see where it will thrive. If it doesn't survive, we drove past a huge population along the Sussex country lanes on the way home so there's plenty to harvest, even if it means travelling a little way.

Planted some in sunny spots...

Allium ursinum

and some in shadier places...

Allium ursinum

I've also put some on the ditch banks (see "Springs and Micro-Swales") , others in pretty waterlogged soil & others in dry, sandy soil


I planted one particular batch next to a small goat willow seedling I was given. Whilst clearing the grass away from the chosen site, I heard what sounded like escaping gas. Thinking I had just dislodged a pocket left over from the tree planting, I ignored it and carried on, but the noise grew louder and I soon realised I had stumbled across a nest of bees underground. As far as I can tell, they are a species of bumblebee but wasn't able to get a decent picture on my 'phone.

Willow deer damage

Here is some common osier willow, osier viminalis, that I think has been damaged by a deer. Need to set up the wildlife camera in case they strike again!

Common osier willow deer damage

These were shoots I had pruned from our next door neighbour in our old house. She had asked me to trim the shrub as it was blocking out quite a bit of light. I eventually got bored with cutting each individual stem and cut the entire thing to the ground with a chainsaw. Within a year, the new shoots were up to 3m long and 3cm thick - remarkable stuff and good for weaving/structural work. I've stuck a load of 25cm cuttings into the ground and most of them have taken, the tallest being about 60cm high. The gloves in the picture are Tegera 17 cut resistant gloves, available from Cromwells, they're the best all round gloves I've found so far.

Osier viminalis

We also planted some in an organised plantation in spirals and they seem to be doing very well indeed. As from today, 4 plants (out of 64) had grown taller than the 60cm spirals. We've also planted some yellow willow but it's not doing so well as yet.

Osier viminalis

It's so easy to propagate that I'm not worried about the damage - I'd only stuck the damaged shoots into the ground as had got tired of planting the individual sticks but didn't have enough to build anything meaningful with

Emergency mulching

I had become to suspect that some of my trees had died. After some discussion on various forums, I decided to have a closer look at the victims.

Whilst looking down the tube showed no growth, taking the tube off revealed a small amount of growth from the base of the tree (all alder, so far):

A barely living alder

To try and remedy this, I ripped out all the grass and weeds that were growing around the stem and shading it out. I then laid these down around the stem, making sure to keep the new growth uncovered. The tube is then replaced to hold the mulch in place and marked with a flag so I can keep tabs on it.

Can you see the flag?

Unfortunately, some of the trees that had been showing great growth have been attacked by some beastie and are now looking a bit sorry for themselves. This wild cherry, for example:

Willow Progress

The willows I pollarded in the Winter are covered in newgrowth and the dead hedge is anything but...

 

 

 

 

 

...

 

 

 

 

The willow plantation is beginning to show some decent progress too (it seems that the yellow willow sticks we planted didn't make it* but the osier is doing well and should make for some decent weaving/structural material)

 

* actually, they were a bit slow on the uptake but grew quite well in the end

The Epiphany

Despite wanting a woodland, for fuel and somewhere to wander about in, I hadn't given the subject much thought after that.

It was during a bored moment that I was surfing YouTube and stumbled across a video that changed my life:

I don't normally watch videos that are that long but this one scared me. Scared and inspired. For the next few days, all I did was watch video after video and read countless pages of information. I've been introduced to the work of Martin Crawford and Geoff Lawton, amongst others.

For those of you who don't want to watch the video, I can try to précis. The presenter, Rebecca Hosking, is trying to see how her family's farm can survive well into the future, a future where the oil is running out. She points out that the UK is a net importer of food and that supermarkets hold on average 3 days worth. Add panic buying into the equation and that makes for some rapidly hungry people.

As the title of this blog suggests, I'm no hippie. I have a job, run several cars and heat my house (partly) with fossil fuel. I shop in supermarkets and buy a lot of stuff from China and elsewhere. I eat meat, processed foods and imported coffee. I wash fairly often (through laziness rather than design) but have my hair cut, by Donna.

It struck me that when I hear of people using the term "organic", it conjures up images of patchouli scented, pot smoking hippies who say "man" a lot whenever they're not hugging trees. Why should someone who doesn't wish to spread chemicals on the ground be labelled like this? By the way, if you've never hugged a tree, I can recommend it - it was a surprise to me how wonderful it feels, you can really sense the permanence of this huge, living thing. To love nature isn't a bad thing. 

I realised that what I really wanted in life was a forest garden. I'm very fortunate to have the land available and hopefully the time too. Being a prepper is all very well, but how much food can one realistically stockpile? To survive long term, we need to grow more food locally. England is well placed to take advantage of this. We have plenty of water, as most of us experienced this Winter, the Winters are generally quite mild - no snow this time around, in the South East - and the Summers aren't too hot. 

As Martin Crawford and others have pointed out, any piece of land in this climate is trying to revert back to forest. It's only by putting in large amounts of effort (using oil based machinery & fertilisers) that we can stop this process. By taking advantage of this inclination towards lush woodland, we can live more in harmony with the natural world, whilst still taking advantage of what it can provide.

The trees arrive

After what seemed like an age, the trees were delivered. Was a bit daunting to see how many tubes and stakes the order comprised! Thank goodness I didn't order 4,500 as suggested

The plants themselves didn't look too bad, how wrong I was:

Thought I'd better get cracking before my help arrived the following morning so planted 50 wild cherry trees. The first ones will form an avenue down the drive which should make for a beautiful arrival when in blossom.

First one!

I then continued planting the avenue

Once this was done, I moved into the upper paddock, where the real planting was going to take place. My wife suggested an avenue leading up to the pond would look nice, so that's what happened:

You can see how wet it is

Woodland Plans

As I alluded to before, I had always wanted my own woodland, for various reasons, amongst them being a source of fuel, a place to camp and a place to reconnect with nature. My interest in bushcraft had only increased my want for a place of my own that I could manage to my own ends. Unfortunately, apart from the small orchard and numerous trees around the perimeter, there was no woodland associated with the property. With little money spare and with the neighbours being in no mood to sell me their woodland, I had no option but to plant one from scratch.

 

Some searching around for assistance led me to the Woodland Trust MOREWoods scheme (see Links). This is an initiative set up by the Woodland Trust in order to create more woodland in the UK and comes in the form of a substantial discount on the purchase prices of young trees and the necessary protection they would need to avoid predation by deer, rabbits and other creatures.

 

A few e-mails and phone calls later, I had a visit scheduled by one of their representatives who would survey the site and advise on species and quantity of trees for my new woodland.

 

The Woodland Trust representative, Luke, arrived and we walked the pasture together. He had a fair knowledge of tree species but explained that there was only a limited number of species available, all native trees. He promised to come back with a quote in a few days.

 

The quote duly arrived and was for 4,500 trees, including a lot of willow and birch. As much as I like birch, the wood rots very easily and there was plenty around, including a huge one that had recently fallen down (conveniently it was one that was leaning on another and I was going to have to pay a tree surgeon to drop it but the storms over the Winter pushed it to the ground and I spent a few days clearing up the remains with a chainsaw). Willow, of many species at least, takes root extremely easily from cuttings and I was reluctant to pay for bareroot cuttings  - especially for Goat willow (salix caprea) that is not of great value either for timber or for weaving/ living structures. The inital plan was to blanket the entire upper paddock with trees, as well as planting some clumps in the lower paddock. Discussions with family, colleagues and on-line made me reassess my plans and leave a significant amount of pasture free from planting, in order to graze animals if required. A few unexpected large bills also made me nervous to commit to such a large order and the Trust was happy to amend the quote to 1,500 trees, as well as amending the selected species.

 

The species selected were as follows (numbers in brackets were final figures):

Species	Number	Notes
Alder	300 (375)	I selected alder because it thrives on damp ground, grows quickly, coppices easily and provides excellent firewood once dry. The charcoal is said to make the best gunpowder and the roots form nitrogen fixing nodules that will help to improve soil conditions. The lack of sweet chestnut and whitebeam is the reason for the increased order
Aspen	50 (75)	The Latin name for Aspen is populus tremens – the trembling poplar. This is because the cross section of the leaf stalk is rectangular and thus makes the leaf flutter from side-to-side in the wind, a very attractive sight on a mature tree. I had also read that as a pioneer species, aspen is not fussy about soil type and grows rapidly. The whitebeam order was split between alder and aspen
Beech	125	Not traditionally associated with damp soils but there is an enormous beech tree over the fence on a neighbouring property. Makes for an attractive tree and provides good timber when mature. I had originally wanted copper beech for the pretty foliage but these weren’t available.
Blackthorn	50	I wanted this for the sloes (sloe gin anyone?) and the blossom.
Crab apple	50	There was a single, mature crab apple in the hedgerow and as well as providing a useful fruit, full of pectin for jam-making, it has pretty blossom
Field maple	100	I had queried why sycamore wasn’t on the list but was told it was an invasive species. Subsequent research doesn’t really support this theory but the field maple is an attractive tree nonetheless and I have since been offered no end of sycamore seedlings should I want them. I’m hoping once mature the sap may prove to be a good source of maple syrup, although the species used for this in Canada is the sugar maple, acer saccharum
Hazel	150 (200)	The Woodland Trust considers this to be a shrub rather than a tree, which surprised me as a friend’s woodland has some very large examples. Selected for the many uses of coppiced product, pea sticks, hurdles etc. and also for the nuts. Makes excellent firewood which is why I increased the numbers at the expense of hawthorn
Hawthorn	150 (125)	I must admit to being a bit sneaky here. I like hawthorn, it has pretty blossom, the fruits are edible (as are the new leaves in Spring) and it provides some of the best firewood although you don’t see many large examples around. I wanted to extend the hedge along the road up alongside the drive. The thorns on hawthorn make for excellent security and it’s most often found in hedgerows. There are some larger examples on the property that I presume grew from unmanaged hedges. As it turned out, my calculations showed that I would need far more than this for a high density hedge so I ordered and planted a few hundred before these ones arrived
Hornbeam	50 (75)	A great firewood and also used to make cog teeth in water mills. Like beech it often keeps its leaves on in the autumn which is why it’s often planted as a hedge. There is a single example in the hedge already
Pedunculate oak	125	What tree symbolises England more than the mighty oak? There are many large examples around the perimeter but many have been cut down nationwide to provide timber for building ships and houses. Although taking an age to season (3 years is best), the firewood is great. We’ve got some different species of oak on the property which I’ve yet to identify and have many seedlings sprouting up from the bumper crop of acorns in the past autumn
Scots pine	25	The road on which our property sits used to have a long plantation of Scots pine along it (over the road). They were cut down before WW2 and we have a single example dominating the corner of the lower paddock. My fancy was to grow two circles of pine trees, to provide a focal point should we be holding camps here in the future. The remaining tree will be planted somewhere else.
Spindle	50	The berries of the spindle tree look delicious but sadly they’re poisonous to humans. Pretty, though, and the birds can eat them. Planted for this reason. It’s listed as a shrub
Sweet chestnut	125 (0)	We have 2 on the property and although it’s one of the best trees to coppice, I am reluctant to chop them down. Sadly, the nursery was out of stock for the final order but there are plans to plant many more next year, for timber and nuts
Whitebeam	50 (0)	Initially ordered for variety and the attractive berries, subsequent reading made me nervous that they wouldn’t like our acid soil, preferring alkaline, dry conditions so I subsequently changed the order
Wild cherry	125	Planted for the blossom as well as the fact it likes damp ground and provides good firewood

 

The Woodland Trust initially suggested quite large number of dog rose (rosa canina) but I’ve always seen this as a climber in hedgerows. I’m hoping to propagate some later in the year for planting in the hedges. The blossoms are beautiful and it helps to make an impenetrable hedge – not what I’d consider suitable for a standard tree. They also suggested holly but as we have plenty already, I decided not to plant any more. It’s certainly attractive throughout the year and supplies pretty berries for Christmas but I am reluctant to have spiky species in my woodland – there’s enough brambles around for that!

Other trees I wanted included ash, fraxinus excelsior, but due to the risk of hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (formerly known as chalara fraxinea) in the UK, this fast growing firewood species was not offered, and wild pear, for the blossom and fondness for damp ground. This wasn’t on offer for some reason but hopefully I can plant some next year.

A note on firewood

A cursory search on the Internet for firewood suitability will bring up variations on an old poem which gives erroneous information on which wood is best to burn. The fact of the matter is, any wood, once dry, will burn and give out plenty of heat. Willow and alder, for example, have a high water content so take a bit more drying and since they grow fast, they won’t burn for as long as, say, oak, but there are plenty of tree surgeons out there who heat their homes on wood considered low quality. Green oak burns like asbestos (i.e. doesn’t) but biomass plants use predominantly willow

The book and the spring

Sounds a bit like the the title of a story by Kafka but I can assure you that I possess few of his talents (as readers of this blog will testify).

On one of our visits to the property whilst in the process of buying it, the then owner showed us a book. Called "A Farmers Boy" it was brought to her attention by a friend who had noticed that it had a picture of her house on the front. It was written by a man who had grown up there during WW2 and contained a biography of his time there (and his family's subsequent departure). The owner, Jenny, told us that whoever ended up buying the house would find a copy of the book waiting for them. From that day onwards I was determined to read the book but positive that I would only do so once I received our free copy with the house.

True to her word, when we finally entered the now empty house on the day of completion, there was a copy of the book (next to a bottle of Champagne and a card). 

We moved in the first week of September 2013 when the UK was enjoying a few weeks of sunny weather. It seemed hard to believe after the dreadful Winter 2013/14 that we could have a day without rain. I had noticed, however, that my dogs, whilst exploring the paddocks, had located some patches of stagnant water. Bearing in mind it hadn't rained for a few weeks, it was obvious there was a source nearby.

One of the many boggy patches

It was whilst reading the first few chapters of the book, wherein the author describes the property, much as I am attempting to do, that I read mention of a spring in the upper paddock (although he referred to the field by a different name, the farm of his youth having had far greater reaches than the portion we occupy). His description was accurate enough to make me start investigating so the following day I resolved to make a start in locating the spring.

More standing water

A cursory inspection of the land showed no obvious source but there was an extremely boggy patch in the position he had described. I stuck a pole into the soil where I gauged an approximate centre to be and marked out a circular area of 5m diameter. With the help of my new spade, I began to dig...

Bamboo henge!

A few days/weeks passed and the hole I had begun digging was getting larger and larger.

The pond grows

There were places where the water was seeping through the soil and collected in the base but I had yet to find any evidence or a spring head. It was almost completely by chance that I began to excavate a particularly soggy spot by hand (having broken my spade handle in trying to lever out a heavy chunk of root filled sod) that I stumbled across a plastic pipe, buried about 2 feet down. Subsequent investigation with drain rods led to a stoppage some 8 feet up the pipe but once I had dug sufficient clearance, there was a constant stream of water trickling from this pipe. As luck would have it, the pipe entered by circle right on the edge but didn't lead anywhere and so the water just soaked into the soil and made it boggy. The rotting vegetation made the whole area smell of cow manure, even though no cattle had been grazed there to the best of my knowledge.

A note on soil substructure:

A spring normally appears when water meets an impenetrable surface, whether clay, rock or something else. When this layer gets close to the surface, which would normally be on a steep slope, the water bursts has nowhere to go but out of the ground which is where one finds a spring. In many cases, the underlying structure forms a channel that is sufficient to concentrate the water to a single point but in my case it's not quite so simple. The top layer is composed if thickly rooted peat. It's sodden and heavy and difficult to dig out. Below this foot-thick layer (and I apologise now for mixing my units in this blog but that's the English way!) there is some fairly sandy soil for about another 12 inches. Below this, and forming the impenetrable base layer, there is a substance known as "greensand". This is light grey in appearance, and superficially resembles clay in texture until one realises how it crumbles rather than squidges under pressure.

A lump of the sand...

...which crumbles, unlike clay

 

Drying out a portion of this leaves one with extremely fine sand which is enough to clog a filter without being quite as impervious as proper clay. As far as I can tell, because this substance isn't the perfect barrier as you might find with clay, the spring doesn't form from a single point but tends to seep out over a larger area. I will perform a "Mason jar test" in due course

The book mentions that the author's father placed a wooden barrel over the spring to stop contamination from leaves etc. There is also note of a metal pipe running down to a storage tank. My diggings uncovered various pieces of wood, some of which were long enough to positively identify as barrel staves.

Barrel stave

I also found the original iron pipe, rusted solid and it was broken whilst being dug up. I also found several sections of ceramic land drain (short lengths of terracotta pipe that are laid end-to-end, the gaps in-between serving as an entry for excess water in the soil). I followed these the best I could until they came to an end about 2m outside my 5m circle. They were all clogged with fine sand and several had been crushed or moved out of line. Whether they originally extended further down the hill, I don't know although it was confirmed to me in correspondence with the author of the book, Robin Armstrong Brown, that his father had laid them. There was no sign of the metal tank, although there is a zinc coated water tank behind one of the stables which could have been of a similar type.

The plastic pipe, which was obviously a much later addition from a time after the book ended (I estimate some time in the 1980's - it's metric, 100mm) and the terracotta pipes (2") looked like they converged at the same spot. As I mentioned before, the plastic pipe was blocked further up. I duly dug down to find the other end and eventually uncovered it. It led to a load of rubble, mainly red bricks, and I am led to believe that a previous owner had most likely dug out a large area and backfilled it with rubble to stop it silting up and piped the excess off. For whatever reason, the whole area has been filled and levelled but without a full path for the water down to one of the ditches it has resulted in much of the paddock becoming a quagmire.

I elected to excavate the entire circle into a pond which would form a convenient place for the dogs to swim on a hot day as well as providing an alternative water source for the house, should we need it. My plan is to pipe the overflow down into the ditch which would be dammed further downstream. The overflow from this dam would then be piped into the pond in the lower paddock, which would be subsequently enlarged, to an acre or so, providing a picturesque and useful lake which could be stocked with fish or waterfowl.

A quick calculation after a period of fairly heavy rain showed that the outflow from the pipe was aroudn 3,000 gallons a day - this is likely to fall during the summer but if I dig the entire 5m circle to 2 feet deep, the pond will only hold about 2,700 gallons, which means it should fill up in a day:

Pretty full

The above picture shows the pond partially filled. On the left of the picture is a piece of board that I was using as a temporary dam. Behind this I've started digging a trench (following the line of the white tape you can just see) - this will form the overflow into the ditch.

Due to the amount of rotting vegetation, at the moment the pond does tend to get covered in foam, caused by DOC (dissolved organic carbon). It's a bit unsightly, but completely natural and once I get some aquatic plants/animals in there, I should be able to keep the water clear:

DOC - dissolved organic carbon foam

Because the pond is a work in progress, and I have planted a lot of tree down the hill, I needed a way to drain the pond so I can deepen it and water the plants underneath. With this in mind, I buried a piece of plastic drain pipe with a cap on it.

Unscrew me to unleash Hell!

Unscrewing the cap causes the entire contents of the pond to rush out in a torrent, taking a lot of mud with it, that gets deposited into the paddock below. I've also dumped some weeds into the water to drown them with the hope that is turns the entire pond into a big tank of compost tea!

It also helps to send some helpers in to stir the silt up before draining it:

As Dog intended